Animal model of bladder stones induced by terephthalic acid

Animal model of bladder stones induced by terephthalic acid

Animal model of bladder stones induced by terephthalic acid

1、 Mechanism of action

1. ‌Crystalline depositionTPA increases the concentration of oxalic acid in urine, promotes the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, and ultimately leads to the formation of stones
   .

2. ‌gender differencesMale rats are more prone to stone formation, which may be related to the formation of urinary sediment associated with alpha 2u globulin
   .

3. ‌Pathological correlationExposure may cause bladder epithelial hyperplasia and even cancer, but stones are not a necessary condition for carcinogenesis
   .

2、 Modeling method

1. ‌Animal selection‌

• Short term model: Feeding with 5% TPA feed for 14 days can induce stone formation
  .

• Model: Feeding with 0.5%~5% TPA feed for 90 days can lead to a stone incidence rate of 55% (bladder) and 25% (kidney)
  .

• ‌ratSD or Wistar rats are commonly used, with males being more sensitive
  .

• ‌Dose and cycle‌：

2. ‌evaluation metric‌

• Stone weight, incidence, and pathological examination (such as HE staining, Von Kossa staining)
  .

• Urine biochemical analysis (pH, electrolyte, oxalic acid content)
  .

3、 Precautions

• ‌局限性The TPA model may be accompanied by bladder epithelial hyperplasia, and it is necessary to distinguish between the effects of stones and direct chemical stimulation
  .

• ‌alternativeEthylene glycol combined with ammonium chloride can also induce calcium oxalate stones, but the TPA model is closer to the study of primary bladder stones
  .

4、 Application Cases

• ‌Drug evaluationThe compound banana core granules showed significant anti stone effects in the TPA model
  .

If specific experimental plans are needed (such as dose gradients or detection methods), further refinement can be achieved by combining literature