Temperature detector 9900015 OPTRON spare parts

Temperature detector 9900015 OPTRON spare parts

Temperature detector 9900015 OPTRON spare parts

EUROFLUIDEVM103BZ (valid for the entire order, excluding valve core)

EUROFLUIDEREM103B

EUROFLUIDVS-30-NC-05

CROUZET83106 022 IW3

PROMINENTThe successor model GXLAEU1020PVT20000UA1030EN does not include cables

REXROTHR911342088

BRONKHORSTD-6371-FGD-CC-AV-99-0-S-DR 替代

SOLARTRONAP/0.5/S（4M）sensor

ROEHM180768

AVTRONHS45HAYAY6P2A606ZA

CAPTRONCHT3-181B-H/TG-SRswitch

AUTRONICABHH-520/EX +BWA-100+ BWP-100/20Fire alarm device

OPTRON9900015Temperature detector

PULSOTRONIC9962-1535 NPNproximity switch

ROTECHPFF25EAAZ1Electric Actuator

FIBRO3-000-612-0026sealing ring

FIBRO3-855-166-8003washer

ROTECHPFF25EAAZ0Electric Actuator

FIBRO0761817Needle rolling component

FIBRO3--0002bolt

MICRO-EPSILONWDS-300-MP-C-P-WCPA-LG-IST

CROUZET84134 850

ROKOG14-28ST-25302 corresponds to 108156A

ROLANDUDK20-2PW-B-O-Scontroller

HEROSE06001.0300.0000

ROMHELD8.2135.2820

ROLANDUDK20-B-O-Scontroller

SOLARTRON931323 WG/10/SJBounce sensor

ROSSPlease inform us of the required voltage and frequency when placing an order for W6077B5407solenoid directional control valve

ROLANDPW42AGSsensor

ROLANDSCPWS-GG 20M20 meter cable

AEROTECHBM75-D25-E1000H-3.8

FIBROD50.04XD30X25 3-360-0009roller

PULSOTRONICKJR-D200AN-DNIA-VE

PULSOTRONICKJR-D200AN-DNIA-V2

BRONKHORSTF-201AI-70K-AGD-55-V

PULSOTRONIC9984-5300 3 minimum orders

MICROSONICORM+35/DD/TC/E

MICROSONICCRM+35/DD/TC/E

AG.SEU 40DW+PPSMPress down the electromagnetic control mechanism of the brake

KROHNECG340G1100

AG.4.1 NM - 499G GTES 51/1B/3 4.1NM+499GCam switch

AG.4.1 NM - 499G GTES 51/1B/3 4.1NM+499GCam switch

AG.151-02695, 51_4.1_NM3Z_499G_GCam switch

EUROTECMNF53200000

EUROTECMNF532024DC

SOLARTRONRS232IM MK2

It is divided into portable inclinometers and fixed inclinometers. Portable inclinometers are divided into portable vertical inclinometers and portable horizontal inclinometers, while fixed inclinometers are divided into single axis and double axis inclinometers, which are used in portable inclinometers. An inclinometer is an in-situ monitoring instrument that determines horizontal displacement by measuring the inclination angle of a borehole.

The basic configuration of the inclinometer includes the inclinometer casing, inclinometer probe, control cable, and inclinometer reader [4].

principle

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The inclinometer tube is usually installed in a vertical borehole that passes through an unstable soil layer to a lower stable formation. Use a digital vertical inclinometer probe, control cable, pulley device, and reading device to observe the deformation of the inclinometer tube. The first observation can establish the initial cross-section for measuring the displacement of the inclined pipe. Subsequent observations will display changes in cross-sectional displacement when the ground undergoes motion. During observation, the probe moves from the bottom to the top of the inclinometer tube and pauses at a distance of half a meter to measure the inclination. The inclination of the probe is measured by two balanced servo accelerometers. An accelerometer measures the longitudinal position of the groove in the inclinometer tube, which is the inclination of the plane where the measuring wheel is located on the inclinometer probe. The other accelerometer measures the inclination perpendicular to the plane of the measuring wheel. The inclination can be converted into lateral displacement. By comparing the current and initial observation data, the change in lateral displacement can be determined, displaying the movement and displacement of the formation. Drawing the change in offset can obtain a high-resolution displacement cross-section map. This cross-sectional diagram helps determine the magnitude, depth, direction, and velocity of ground motion displacement.

The working principle of the inclinometer is shown in Figure 2. When the inclinometer probe slides from bottom to top in the inclinometer tube for measurement, the sensors inside the probe sensitively reflect the changes in the inclination angle of the inclinometer tube at each depth segment L. Then, based on the inclination angle, the horizontal displacement increment at different elevations can be calculated. That is, starting from the measuring point at the bottom of the inclinometer tube and accumulating segment by segment, the horizontal displacement at any elevation can be obtained. That is, in the equation: di is the horizontal displacement increment of the i-th measuring segment; θ i is the angle between the axis of the i-th measuring section of the pipe and the plumb line; Sj is the displacement at point i=j above the fixed point (i=0) at the bottom of the inclinometer tube.

When observing with a inclinometer, in order to eliminate and reduce the zero drift and assembly errors of the instrument, data should be measured once in the positive direction of displacement and once in the opposite direction after the probe is turned 180 degrees. The algebraic average of the measured data in both directions should be taken as the inclination measurement value [4].

characteristic

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The portable digital vertical activity inclinometer has won worldwide acclaim for its durability, high precision, and fast response.

Repeatable detection: To ensure detection on various inclinometers, the inclinometer probe is equipped with a sturdy wheel frame, sealed wheel axle, and specially designed measuring wheel.

Long service life: The probe structure is compact, allowing it to pass through small radius curves, and its installation and service life exceeds that of all other manufacturers' inclinometers.

Computer calibration: Each inclinometer probe is rigorously calibrated by a specially designed computer calibration workbench.

Reliable control cables: Control cables are very durable and easy to handle, maintaining their flexibility and durability even at low temperatures. The control cable also has the characteristics of chemical corrosion resistance and wear resistance, and provides spatial stability. The flexible rubber depth mark is reliably hardened on the cable sheath. The markings will not be loose, nor will there be any burrs that may damage the cable sheath and wires.

Consistent depth control: The pulley device is a recommended auxiliary equipment that helps operators achieve unified depth control. The cable clamp that can only move in one direction ensures that the position of the probe is consistent.

System integrity: The inclinometer system includes high-quality inclinometers, vertical and horizontal movable inclinometers, vertical and horizontal fixed inclinometers, reading recording devices, chart analysis software, and specialized accessories.

technical indicators

Resolution: 0.02mm/500mm;

Repeatability: ± 0.01% FS;

System accuracy: ± 6mm/50 readings, higher accuracy can be obtained through software correction programs;

Temperature range: -20 to 50 ℃;

Size: 26 × 650 mm.

Instrument performance

1. High precision: tilt angle accuracy of 0.01 °, azimuth angle accuracy of 1 °;

2. Massive storage: capable of storing data from 9999 piles;

3. Low power consumption: continuous operation for more than 24 hours;

4. Measurement parameters: tilt angle, azimuth angle;

5. Display mode: Chinese LCD display;

6. Alarm setting: freely set within the range;

7. Power supply method: built-in rechargeable lithium battery;

8. Dimensions: 150 (mm) × 65 (mm) × 43 (mm); V-shaped contact surface;

9. Weight: 0.5kg.

Monitoring application steps

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The workflow of different inclinometers is similar. Now let's introduce the working process of the GN-1A fixed inclinometer produced by Nanjing GeNan Business Co., Ltd.

preparation

Setting up observation points and drilling: For a site or structure, observation points should be arranged according to local conditions and in a reasonable manner. Generally, the horizontal distance between adjacent observation points is required to be one borehole depth, and observation points can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the geotechnical engineering grade. During construction, it is recommended to use a lead hammer for drilling, with a deviation angle of less than 2 °. The final diameter of the borehole should be 30mm larger than the outer diameter of the inclinometer tube, and the drilling depth should exceed the deepest displacement zone by 5m. All boreholes should be inspected and accepted before burying the inclinometer tube, and can only be buried after passing the inspection.

Installation of inclinometer tube: The installation quality of inclinometer tube is the key to the testing effect, and the following steps should be followed: 1) Install the inclinometer tube on the bottom cover and fix it with screws or glue; 2) Place the inclinometers into the borehole one by one in order, connect them with connecting pipes, and fix them with screws. During the installation of the inclinometer tube, attention should be paid to the direction of the guide groove, which must be consistent with the direction specified in the design requirements. Place the assembled inclinometer tube into the borehole in order, section by section, until the hole is drilled; 3) After confirming that the inclinometer tube is installed properly, backfilling can be carried out (usually using bentonite balls or original soil sand). When backfilling, water injection should be carried out every 3-5 meters to ensure that the bentonite balls or original soil sand are firmly bonded to the hole wall until the hole opening is reached; 4) Pour concrete into the surface pipe mouth section of the inclinometer pipe to create a concrete pier to protect the stability of the pipe mouth and the corner of the pipe mouth. Displacement and settlement observation points should be set up on the pier and abutment; 5) The inclinometer pipe exposed on the ground should be protected by covering it with a pipe cover to prevent objects from falling in; 6) After installation, the inclinometer tube should be tested with a simulated inclinometer first. During the test, the two guide grooves of the inclinometer tube that form a 90 ° angle with each other should be tested from top to bottom to ensure that the simulated inclinometer can pass smoothly through the inclinometer tube.

Assembly of inclinometer: Before testing, the inclinometer must be inspected and calibrated, and preparations must be made before assembly.

test process

Firstly, place the inclinometer into the inclinometer tube, ensuring that the guide enters the guide groove. When the direction of the guide wheel is consistent with the positive direction of the measured displacement coordinate (+X), the measured value is positive, and the opposite is negative. Then, according to the markings on the cable, measure and read the inclination angle of the inclinometer tube axis relative to the reference axis for each basic length. The testing method should follow the following two points: when the lower part of the inclinometer tube is reliably fixed in the bedrock (buried depth should be greater than 5000mm), it can be determined that there is no displacement of the bedrock. At this point, the measurement can be read once from bottom to top until the pipe opening is reached; When the bottom of the inclinometer is suspended (not fixed to the bedrock), the measurement should be taken from top to bottom.

Monitoring data collection, organization and analysis

The process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing monitoring data generally adopts an automated integrated processing system. This automatic data collection and processing system can significantly improve work efficiency and quality. It is a computer program developed based on the parameters of the inclinometer and relevant calculation formulas, and its results are output in the form of tables and graphics [2].

Measures to reduce errors

To improve measurement accuracy, when the four guide wheels do not enter the guide groove in a certain measurement section, there will be significant changes in the arithmetic sum value S. Therefore, when measuring, it is necessary to ensure that the four guides enter the guide groove, and multiple measurements can be repeated at the joint of the measuring tube. If the sum of one or two points deviates significantly from the normal value, they can be removed and not used. This is all caused by one guide wheel not being in the guide groove, which often occurs at the pipe joint.

In order to eliminate system errors, the displacement (inclination) in each direction (± X, ± Y) should be measured and read once in each positive and negative direction, and half of the difference should be taken to calculate the displacement of each section. Namely: F=[(+X,+Y) - (- X, - Y)]/2, where F is the real-time electrical measurement value of the inclinometer, measured in mv; ± X, ± Y are the test readings in each direction, measured in mv.

Due to the fact that the calculated value of half of the sum of the two measurements in the same section of the inclinometer in the forward and reverse directions should be the theoretical vertical reading of the inclinometer, this F should be a constant value. If the measured value F has discreteness, it may be caused by the following four situations: 1) The line connecting the geometric centroids of the two sets of guide wheels before and after the inclinometer is parallel in both forward and reverse measurements; 2) Poor coordination between the guide wheel and the guide groove; 3) The gap between the guide wheel and the wheel frame is too large; 4) The inclinometer tube does not solidify well with bentonite balls or original soil sand.

Precautions for use

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There are five misconceptions in the use of inclinometers [4]:

(1) Displacement depth curve method: The displacement depth curve, which is the variation curve of displacement with depth, is the most important monitoring result curve of inclinometers. However, in long-term monitoring practice, it has been found that errors are easily made during reading.

(2) Data processing when reading every 1m: When the depth of the inclined hole is large and the change in inclination angle with depth is small, in order to speed up the measurement progress, it is often done by reading every 1m. However, in the process of data processing, engineering personnel often still use the data processing method of reading every 0.5m. This will result in displacement depth curves that do not match reality.

(3) The difference between "cumulative displacement" and "relative displacement": Displacement can be divided into cumulative displacement and relative displacement. The so-called cumulative displacement refers to the displacement of the calculation point relative to the bottom of the hole; Relative displacement refers to the change in displacement of a calculated point relative to its initial value. At the same time, some engineers divide displacement curves into absolute displacement curves and relative displacement curves. The so-called absolute displacement curve refers to the displacement curve made separately based on each measurement data; Relative displacement curve refers to the curve obtained by subtracting the initial displacement value of the inclinometer tube from the displacement value obtained from each reading of data. Obviously, absolute displacement and cumulative displacement are the same concept [5].

However, cumulative displacement (or absolute displacement) and relative displacement are conceptually incorrect. After the installation of the inclinometer pipe, it is generally not allowed to be in a vertical state, that is, there is already a tilt at the initial time, but this tilt cannot be called "displacement". Cumulative displacement refers to the initial tilt value as part of its displacement. Therefore, cumulative displacement is conceptually incorrect. Relative displacement refers to the actual displacement that occurs in the soil, not relative, and should be referred to as "displacement".

(4) The problem of the difference in readings between the positive and negative measurement loops: Zero drift has no effect on the displacement results. Through the standard two measurement loops and data processing process, zero drift can be effectively eliminated, and the final displacement value U obtained is correct. In addition, it can be seen that the cumulative verification value is exactly twice the zero drift value, which is a constant. Therefore, if the cumulative value of the verification is a constant, it means that the difference between U0 and U180 is only caused by the zero drift of the instrument, which has no effect on the measurement results. If the cumulative value of the verification is unstable, it often reflects other factors such as foreign objects inside the inclinometer tube, which cannot be eliminated through the method of two measurements, resulting in the measured displacement value not matching the actual value. Therefore, from the perspective of displacement measurement and reading, the more stable the cumulative value should be, the better, especially when it is a constant.

(5) Method for identifying displacement at the bottom of the inclinometer tube: In inclinometer data processing, it is assumed that the bottom is the displacement zero point. Since the bottom of the inclinometer tube is usually embedded in stable bedrock, this assumption is generally reasonable. However, in deep soft soil layers, displacement may also occur at the bottom of the inclinometer tube. Normally, it is not possible to determine whether the bottom has moved by reading data, but in some special cases, this can be achieved.

After use maintenance

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Precautions for using inclinometers:

1.

Use within working temperature, prevent vibration, strictly prohibit hitting the bottom of the hole, prevent sudden acceleration of the probe, and strictly prohibit swinging the probe while holding the cable;

2.

When bundling cables, it is strictly prohibited to use iron wires and metal materials. It is best to use winches or ropes for wire winding;

3.

Timely wipe the probe, clean and dry the joint, lubricate the measuring wheel and O-ring, pay attention to moisture prevention, clean the socket and panel;

4.

After use, it is strictly prohibited to keep each connection intact for a long time, as this can cause moisture to remain in the probe and corrode the joint;

5.

After the test is completed, dry the probe and cable, cover the protective cover, and place the probe into the protective box;

6.

Return indoors, dry the reading device and charge the battery;

7.

It is best to let all joints air dry indoors.

engineering example

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After decades of theoretical research and practical application, inclinometers are increasingly developing towards portability, simplicity, and automation, resulting in increasingly noticeable effects. Various inclinometers play an important role in ensuring the safety of geotechnical engineering design, construction, and operation. I believe that with the informatization construction of geotechnical engineering, various monitoring methods will receive widespread attention [6].

Project Overview

LNG power plant, located next to the Shell Oil Project in Daya Bay, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province. The factory faces the sea to the east and hilly terrain to the north. The foundation treatment area is about 360600 square meters. The monitoring and testing area of this experimental zone is about 900 square meters. According to the engineering geological survey report provided by the Shenzhen Survey and Mapping Institute, there are no exposed weak underlying soil layers such as silty soil in the site. The experimental area adopts the treatment methods of dynamic compaction and rolling reinforcement. The main purpose of inclinometer monitoring is to monitor the lateral displacement of soil caused by dynamic compaction process.

Design layout

According to the design and specification requirements, a total of 3 monitoring points (near the seaside) will be set up, and the locations will be arranged according to the design requirements. The inclinometer monitoring is conducted at approximately 1.5, 2.5, 4.5, and 5.5 meters below ground level. After the inclinometer pipe is buried, it should be observed once a day before the dynamic compaction construction. The observation should be intensified during the dynamic compaction construction, and then observed once a day thereafter. The total monitoring time is one month.

Monitoring data collection and processing

The instrument used for monitoring is the GN-1A fixed inclinometer produced by Nanjing GeNan Business Co., Ltd. Through an automatic data acquisition and processing system, the monitoring results table of the inclinometer can be obtained.

Monitoring significance

During the process of dynamic compaction of the site, the soil structure and properties of the site undergo changes: on the one hand, the soil in the central area of the site is densified, and even some of the soil is uplifted (the analysis may be due to the small spacing between compaction points or excessive compaction energy); On the other hand, the soil at the center of the site will compress the surrounding soil, especially the soil near the seaside, which has an overhanging surface with a height of 4-6m. It can be observed with the naked eye that the overhanging surface undergoes significant changes during the dynamic compaction process, and even a small amount of soil collapse occurs in some areas. Three monitoring holes were arranged at equal distances in the area near the seaside. After monitoring the three holes arranged, the lateral displacement of the soil caused by the site dynamic compaction process can be obtained, providing timely monitoring information for the construction of the site dynamic compaction, so as to modify the dynamic compaction point distance and compaction energy in a timely manner. By analyzing an area of approximately 900m

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ROTOFLUXA08-1520-03R

FRONIUS42,0100,1125

CHROMOSCROVERDG 6U-3/84447250

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It is divided into portable inclinometers and fixed inclinometers. Portable inclinometers are divided into portable vertical inclinometers and portable horizontal inclinometers, while fixed inclinometers are divided into single axis and double axis inclinometers, which are used in portable inclinometers. An inclinometer is an in-situ monitoring instrument that determines horizontal displacement by measuring the inclination angle of a borehole.

The basic configuration of the inclinometer includes the inclinometer casing, inclinometer probe, control cable, and inclinometer reader [4].

principle

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The inclinometer tube is usually installed in a vertical borehole that passes through an unstable soil layer to a lower stable formation. Use a digital vertical inclinometer probe, control cable, pulley device, and reading device to observe the deformation of the inclinometer tube. The first observation can establish the initial cross-section for measuring the displacement of the inclined pipe. Subsequent observations will display changes in cross-sectional displacement when the ground undergoes motion. During observation, the probe moves from the bottom to the top of the inclinometer tube and pauses at a distance of half a meter to measure the inclination. The inclination of the probe is measured by two balanced servo accelerometers. An accelerometer measures the longitudinal position of the groove in the inclinometer tube, which is the inclination of the plane where the measuring wheel is located on the inclinometer probe. The other accelerometer measures the inclination perpendicular to the plane of the measuring wheel. The inclination can be converted into lateral displacement. By comparing the current and initial observation data, the change in lateral displacement can be determined, displaying the movement and displacement of the formation. Drawing the change in offset can obtain a high-resolution displacement cross-section map. This cross-sectional diagram helps determine the magnitude, depth, direction, and velocity of ground motion displacement.

The working principle of the inclinometer is shown in Figure 2. When the inclinometer probe slides from bottom to top in the inclinometer tube for measurement, the sensors inside the probe sensitively reflect the changes in the inclination angle of the inclinometer tube at each depth segment L. Then, based on the inclination angle, the horizontal displacement increment at different elevations can be calculated. That is, starting from the measuring point at the bottom of the inclinometer tube and accumulating segment by segment, the horizontal displacement at any elevation can be obtained. That is, in the equation: di is the horizontal displacement increment of the i-th measuring segment; θ i is the angle between the axis of the i-th measuring section of the pipe and the plumb line; Sj is the displacement at point i=j above the fixed point (i=0) at the bottom of the inclinometer tube.

When observing with a inclinometer, in order to eliminate and reduce the zero drift and assembly errors of the instrument, data should be measured once in the positive direction of displacement and once in the opposite direction after the probe is turned 180 degrees. The algebraic average of the measured data in both directions should be taken as the inclination measurement value [4].

characteristic

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The portable digital vertical activity inclinometer has won worldwide acclaim for its durability, high precision, and fast response.

Repeatable detection: To ensure detection on various inclinometers, the inclinometer probe is equipped with a sturdy wheel frame, sealed wheel axle, and specially designed measuring wheel.

Long service life: The probe structure is compact, allowing it to pass through small radius curves, and its installation and service life exceeds that of all other manufacturers' inclinometers.

Computer calibration: Each inclinometer probe is rigorously calibrated by a specially designed computer calibration workbench.

Reliable control cables: Control cables are very durable and easy to handle, maintaining their flexibility and durability even at low temperatures. The control cable also has the characteristics of chemical corrosion resistance and wear resistance, and provides spatial stability. The flexible rubber depth gauge is reliably hardened on the cable sheath. The markings will not be loose, nor will there be any burrs that may damage the cable sheath and wires.

Consistent depth control: The pulley device is a recommended auxiliary equipment that helps operators achieve unified depth control. The cable clamp that can only move in one direction ensures that the position of the probe is consistent.

System integrity: The inclinometer system includes high-quality inclinometers, vertical and horizontal movable inclinometers, vertical and horizontal fixed inclinometers, reading recording devices, chart analysis software, and specialized accessories.

technical indicators

Resolution: 0.02mm/500mm;

Repeatability: ± 0.01% FS;

System accuracy: ± 6mm/50 readings, higher accuracy can be obtained through software correction programs;

Temperature range: -20 to 50 ℃;

Size: 26 × 650 mm.

Instrument performance

1. High precision: tilt angle accuracy of 0.01 °, azimuth angle accuracy of 1 °;

2. Massive storage: capable of storing data from 9999 piles;

3. Low power consumption: continuous operation for more than 24 hours;

4. Measurement parameters: tilt angle, azimuth angle;

5. Display mode: Chinese LCD display;

6. Alarm setting: freely set within the range;

7. Power supply method: built-in rechargeable lithium battery;

8. Dimensions: 150 (mm) × 65 (mm) × 43 (mm); V-shaped contact surface;

9. Weight: 0.5kg.

Monitoring application steps

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The workflow of different inclinometers is similar. Now let's introduce the working process of the GN-1A fixed inclinometer produced by Nanjing GeNan Business Co., Ltd.

preparation

Setting up observation points and drilling: For a site or structure, observation points should be arranged according to local conditions and in a reasonable manner. Generally, the horizontal distance between adjacent observation points is required to be one borehole depth, and observation points can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the geotechnical engineering grade. During construction, it is recommended to use a lead hammer for drilling, with a deviation angle of less than 2 °. The final diameter of the borehole should be 30mm larger than the outer diameter of the inclinometer tube, and the drilling depth should exceed the deepest displacement zone by 5m. All boreholes should be inspected and accepted before burying the inclinometer tube, and can only be buried after passing the inspection.

Installation of inclinometer tube: The installation quality of inclinometer tube is the key to the testing effect, and the following steps should be followed: 1) Install the inclinometer tube on the bottom cover and fix it with screws or glue; 2) Place the inclinometers into the borehole one by one in order, connect them with connecting pipes, and fix them with screws. During the installation of the inclinometer tube, attention should be paid to the direction of the guide groove, which must be consistent with the direction specified in the design requirements. Place the assembled inclinometer tube into the borehole in order, section by section, until the hole is drilled; 3) After confirming that the inclinometer tube is installed properly, backfilling can be carried out (usually using bentonite balls or original soil sand). When backfilling, water injection should be carried out every 3-5 meters to ensure that the bentonite balls or original soil sand are firmly bonded to the hole wall until the hole opening is reached; 4) Pour concrete into the surface pipe mouth section of the inclinometer pipe to create a concrete pier to protect the stability of the pipe mouth and the corner of the pipe mouth. Displacement and settlement observation points should be set up on the pier and abutment; 5) The inclinometer pipe exposed on the ground should be protected by covering it with a pipe cover to prevent objects from falling in; 6) After installation, the inclinometer tube should be tested with a simulated inclinometer first. During the test, the two guide grooves of the inclinometer tube that form a 90 ° angle with each other should be tested from top to bottom to ensure that the simulated inclinometer can pass smoothly through the inclinometer tube.

Assembly of inclinometer: Before testing, the inclinometer must be inspected and calibrated, and preparations must be made before assembly.

test process

Firstly, place the inclinometer into the inclinometer tube, ensuring that the guide wheel enters the guide groove. When the direction of the guide wheel is consistent with the positive direction of the measured displacement coordinate (+X), the measured value is positive, and the opposite is negative. Then, according to the markings on the cable, measure and read the inclination angle of the inclinometer tube axis relative to the reference axis for each basic length. The testing method should follow the following two points: when the lower part of the inclinometer tube is reliably fixed in the bedrock (buried depth should be greater than 5000mm), it can be determined that there is no displacement of the bedrock. At this point, the measurement can be read once from bottom to top until the pipe opening is reached; When the bottom of the inclinometer is suspended (not fixed to the bedrock), the measurement should be taken from top to bottom.

Monitoring data collection, organization and analysis

The process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing monitoring data generally adopts an automated integrated processing system. This automatic data collection and processing system can significantly improve work efficiency and quality. It is a computer program developed based on the parameters of the inclinometer and relevant calculation formulas, and its results are output in the form of tables and graphics [2].

Measures to reduce errors

To improve measurement accuracy, when the four guide wheels do not enter the guide groove in a certain measurement section, there will be significant changes in the arithmetic sum value S. Therefore, when measuring, it is necessary to insert the four guide wheels into the guide grooves, and repeat the measurement several times at the joint of the measuring tube. If the sum of one or two points deviates significantly from the normal value, they can be removed and not used. This is all caused by one guide wheel not being in the guide groove, which often occurs at the pipe joint.

In order to eliminate system errors, the displacement (inclination) in each direction (± X, ± Y) should be measured and read once in each positive and negative direction, and half of the difference should be taken to calculate the displacement of each section. Namely: F=[(+X,+Y) - (- X, - Y)]/2, where F is the real-time electrical measurement value of the inclinometer, measured in mv; ± X, ± Y are the test readings in each direction, measured in mv.

Due to the fact that the calculated value of half of the sum of the two measurements in the same section of the inclinometer in the forward and reverse directions should be the theoretical vertical reading of the inclinometer, this F should be a constant value. If the measured value F has discreteness, it may be caused by the following four situations: 1) The line connecting the geometric centroids of the front and rear guide wheels of the inclinometer is not parallel during the forward and reverse measurements; 2) Poor coordination between the guide wheel and the guide groove; 3) The gap between the guide wheel and the wheel frame is too large; 4) The inclinometer tube does not solidify well with bentonite balls or original soil sand.

Precautions for use

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There are five misconceptions in the use of inclinometers [4]:

(1) Displacement depth curve method: The displacement depth curve, which is the variation curve of displacement with depth, is the most important monitoring result curve of inclinometers. However, in long-term monitoring practice, it has been found that errors are easily made during reading.

(2) Data processing when reading every 1m: When the depth of the inclined hole is large and the change in inclination angle with depth is small, in order to speed up the measurement progress, it is often done by reading every 1m. However, in the process of data processing, engineering personnel often still use the data processing method of reading every 0.5m. This will result in displacement depth curves that do not match reality.

(3) The difference between "cumulative displacement" and "relative displacement": Displacement can be divided into cumulative displacement and relative displacement. The so-called cumulative displacement refers to the displacement of the calculation point relative to the bottom of the hole; Relative displacement refers to the change in displacement of a calculated point relative to its initial value. At the same time, some engineers divide displacement curves into absolute displacement curves and relative displacement curves. The so-called absolute displacement curve refers to the displacement curve made separately based on each measurement data; Relative displacement curve refers to the curve obtained by subtracting the initial displacement value of the inclinometer tube from the displacement value obtained from each reading of data. Obviously, absolute displacement and cumulative displacement are the same concept [5].

However, cumulative displacement (or absolute displacement) and relative displacement are conceptually incorrect. After the installation of the inclinometer pipe, it is generally not allowed to be in a vertical state, that is, there is already a tilt at the initial time, but this tilt cannot be called "displacement". Cumulative displacement refers to the initial tilt value as part of its displacement. Therefore, cumulative displacement is conceptually incorrect. Relative displacement refers to the actual displacement that occurs in the soil, not relative, and should be referred to as "displacement".

(4) The problem of the difference in readings between the positive and negative measurement loops: Zero drift has no effect on the displacement results. Through the standard two measurement loops and data processing process, zero drift can be effectively eliminated, and the final displacement value U obtained is correct. In addition, it can be seen that the cumulative verification value is exactly twice the zero drift value, which is a constant. Therefore, if the cumulative value of the verification is a constant, it means that the difference between U0 and U180 is only caused by the zero drift of the instrument, which has no effect on the measurement results. If the cumulative value of the verification is unstable, it often reflects other factors such as foreign objects inside the inclinometer tube, which cannot be eliminated through the method of two measurements, resulting in the measured displacement value not matching the actual value. Therefore, from the perspective of displacement measurement and reading, the more stable the cumulative value should be, the better, especially when it is a constant.

(5) Method for identifying displacement at the bottom of the inclinometer tube: In inclinometer data processing, it is assumed that the bottom is the displacement zero point. Since the bottom of the inclinometer tube is usually embedded in stable bedrock, this assumption is generally reasonable. However, in deep soft soil layers, displacement may also occur at the bottom of the inclinometer tube. Normally, it is not possible to determine whether the bottom has moved by reading data, but in some special cases, this can be achieved.

After use maintenance

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Precautions for using inclinometers:

1.

Use within working temperature, prevent vibration, strictly prohibit hitting the bottom of the hole, prevent sudden acceleration of the probe, and strictly prohibit swinging the probe while holding the cable;

2.

When bundling cables, it is strictly prohibited to use iron wires and metal materials. It is best to use winches or ropes for wire winding;

3.

Timely wipe the probe, clean and dry the joint, lubricate the measuring wheel and O-ring, pay attention to moisture prevention, clean the socket and panel;

4.

After use, it is strictly prohibited to keep each connection intact for a long time, as this can cause moisture to remain in the probe and corrode the joint;

5.

After the test is completed, dry the probe and cable, cover the protective cover, and place the probe into the protective box;

6.

Return indoors, dry the reading device and charge the battery;

7.

It is best to let all joints air dry indoors.

engineering example

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After decades of theoretical research and practical application, inclinometers are increasingly developing towards portability, simplicity, and automation, resulting in increasingly noticeable effects. Various inclinometers play an important role in ensuring the safety of geotechnical engineering design, construction, and operation. I believe that with the informatization construction of geotechnical engineering, various monitoring methods will receive widespread attention [6].

Project Overview

LNG power plant, located next to the Shell Oil Project in Daya Bay, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province. The factory faces the sea to the east and hilly terrain to the north. The foundation treatment area is about 360600 square meters. The monitoring and testing area of this experimental zone is about 900 square meters. According to the engineering geological survey report provided by the Shenzhen Survey and Mapping Institute, there are no exposed weak underlying soil layers such as silty soil in the site. The experimental area adopts the treatment methods of dynamic compaction and rolling reinforcement. The main purpose of inclinometer monitoring is to monitor the lateral displacement of soil caused by dynamic compaction process.

Design layout

According to the design and specification requirements, a total of 3 monitoring points (near the seaside) will be set up, and the locations will be arranged according to the design requirements. The inclinometer monitoring is conducted at approximately 1.5, 2.5, 4.5, and 5.5 meters below ground level. After the inclinometer pipe is buried, it should be observed once a day before the dynamic compaction construction. The observation should be intensified during the dynamic compaction construction, and then observed once a day thereafter. The total monitoring time is one month.

Monitoring data collection and processing

The instrument used for monitoring is the GN-1A fixed inclinometer produced by Nanjing GeNan Business Co., Ltd. Through an automatic data acquisition and processing system, the monitoring results table of the inclinometer can be obtained.

Monitoring significance

During the process of dynamic compaction of the site, the soil structure and properties of the site undergo changes: on the one hand, the soil in the central area of the site is densified, and even some of the soil is uplifted (the analysis may be due to the small spacing between compaction points or excessive compaction energy); On the other hand, the soil at the center of the site will compress the surrounding soil, especially the soil near the seaside, which has an overhanging surface with a height of 4-6m. It can be observed with the naked eye that the overhanging surface undergoes significant changes during the dynamic compaction process, and even a small amount of soil collapse occurs in some areas. Three monitoring holes were arranged at equal distances in the area near the seaside. After monitoring the three holes arranged, the lateral displacement of the soil caused by the site dynamic compaction process can be obtained, providing timely monitoring information for the construction of the site dynamic compaction, so as to modify the dynamic compaction point distance and compaction energy in a timely manner. By analyzing an area of approximately 900m