The piezoelectric ceramic high-voltage polarimeter applies a direct current electric field to align the internal domains along the direction of the electric field, thereby endowing the material with piezoelectric properties. Before polarization, the spontaneous polarization direction within each grain of piezoelectric ceramics is randomly distributed, resulting in the overall absence of piezoelectric effect in the material. The polarimeter applies high voltage and controls temperature and time parameters to force the electric domains to align along the direction of the electric field, forming a single domain structure and enabling the material to achieve macroscopic piezoelectric properties. This device is widely used in fields that require piezoelectric materials, such as ultrasound transducers, underwater/acoustic equipment, medical imaging, sensors, etc.
Piezoelectric ceramics themselves do not possess piezoelectric properties and require artificial polarization treatment to achieve domain oriented arrangement. The core mechanism is to apply a sufficiently strong direct current electric field (usually 3-5 kV/mm) at both ends of the ceramic sample, combined with specific temperature and holding time, to force the originally disordered electric domains to align along the direction of the electric field. After polarization is completed, the external electric field is removed. Due to the restoring force such as internal stress, the electric domains cannot fully restore their disordered state, forming a non-zero residual polarization strength, which is the source of the piezoelectric effect.
Piezoelectric ceramic high-voltage polarimeter is a device used for polarizing piezoelectric ceramic materials. Its core function is to apply a high-voltage direct current electric field to align the electric domains inside the piezoelectric ceramic along the direction of the electric field, thereby endowing the material with piezoelectric properties.
The polarization process of piezoelectric ceramics is based on the principle of dielectric polarization. In the absence of an external electric field, the directions of the electric domains (small areas with consistent spontaneous polarization directions) inside the ceramic are disordered, and the polarization effects cancel each other out, resulting in the overall lack of piezoelectricity in the material. When a sufficiently strong DC electric field is applied, the direction of the electric domains rotates and tends to align with the direction of the external electric field. After the external electric field reaches saturation, the electric field is removed, and the direction of the electric domains remains basically unchanged. The material obtains residual polarization strength, thus possessing piezoelectric properties.
According to different application scenarios, polarization methods are mainly divided into three categories:
Oil bath polarization: immerse the sample in insulating silicone oil for polarization, with uniform electric field distribution, suitable for batch processing of bulk ceramics such as speakers and sensor components;
Corona polarization: uneven electric field generated by corona discharge, suitable for surface polarization of thin film materials;
Vacuum polarization: Polarization in a vacuum environment to avoid air ionization interference, commonly used in high-precision piezoelectric components (such as aerospace sensors).