Chinese soil classification in both Chinese and English
1.Acidic sulfate soilAcid sulphate soils
Under the vegetation of tropical and subtropical coastal mangroves, they are often saturated with saline water. After drainage, sulfides in the soil oxidize to form sulfuric acid, and the pH can drop below 4, further forming yellow striped soils such as jarosite and ferric sulfate.
2.Wind blown soilAeolian sandy soils
Juvenile soil developed from sandy sediments. There are types such as mobile sandy soil, semi fixed sandy soil, and fixed sandy soil.
3.White clayAlbic soils
On the slightly sloping and gentle hill land, where the upper part is light and the lower part is sticky, due to the stagnant water in the clay layer, iron is reduced and washed laterally, forming a gray white washed layer of soil under the humus layer.
4.Newly accumulated soilAlluvial soils
Newly formed soil from alluvial deposits.
5.black soilBlack soils
Under the temperate semi humid grassland, there is a deep humus layer, no lime reaction throughout, and a neutral black soil.
6.Swamp soilBog soils
Long term waterlogging, growth of wet vegetation, significant accumulation of organic matter, strong reducing effect, soil with a latent layer or a peat layer.
7.Brown coniferous forest soilBrown coniferous forest soils
Brown soil of freezing thawing reflux and precipitation type under coniferous forests in cold temperate mountainous areas (when the surface thaws in summer, iron and aluminum are leached with the downward water flow; when the surface begins to freeze in autumn, they accumulate with the upward water flow).
8.Brown desert soilBrown desert soils
Arid soil in warm temperate arid deserts, characterized by the development of gravelly alluvial deposits and stone or slope residual parent materials, with obvious gravel power on the surface and soil sequences such as porous crust, compacted layer, gypsum layer, gypsum salt rock layer, etc.
9.Drifting ash soilbleach Spodosol
Classification of soil classes in the United States. Soil with ash deposition layer under moist temperate coniferous forest or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest.
10.brown earthBrown earths
A salt rich, slightly acidic brown soil formed under moist warm temperate summer green moist leaf forests.
11.Brown calcareous soilBrown pedocals （brown calcic soil）
In the transition zone from temperate grasslands to deserts, there is a thin layer of brown humus and a white thin layer of calcium carbonate deposition, with a soil surface covered in gravel.
12.Chestnut brown soilCastano-cinnamon soils
Weak leaching and accumulation of carbonates in semi humid warm temperate regions, accompanied by chestnut colored humus layers and secondary cementation phenomena in brown soils.
13.Chestnut calcareous soilCastanoems
Soil with chestnut colored humus layer and calcium carbonate deposition layer in temperate semi-arid grasslands.
14.Black calcareous soilChernoems
Under the vegetation of temperate semi humid grassland, a thick humus layer is formed by the accumulation of humus, and a calcium carbonate deposition layer is formed by the leaching of calcium carbonate.
15.Brown soilCinnamon soils
Brown soil with weak leaching and accumulation of carbonates and secondary cementation in semi humid warm temperate regions.
16.Coastal saline soilCoastal solonchaks
Seaside soil with high soluble salt content.
17.Cold brown calcareous soilCold brown calcic soils
In the transition zone from temperate grassland to desert, there is a thin layer of brown humus and white thin layer of calcium carbonate deposition, and a soil with gravel on the surface.
18.Cold calcareous soilCold calcic soils
In the transition zone from temperate grassland to desert, there is a white thin layer of calcium carbonate deposition and a soil with gravel on the surface.
19.Indifferent soilCold desert soils
Desert soil in the cold temperate zone.
20.Huangmian soilC*ted loessial soils
Loess soil with obvious parent material characteristics.
21.Irrigation silt soilCumulated irrigated soils
Using river water with high sediment content for irrigation, gradually silting up, and mixing with tillage and fertilization, the upper layer of artificial soil can reach a thickness of over 50cm.
22.Black felt soilDark felty soils
Black soil is a soil with a thin layer of black felt on its surface.
23.Black loessal soilDark loessial soils
A thick humus layer formed on the thick loess parent material in the western Loess Plateau, but with low humus content in the soil.
24.Dark brown soilDark-brown earths
A brown soil with significant accumulation of humus and neutral to acidic soil formed under a mixed forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees in humid temperate zones.
25.Desert saline soilDesert solonchaks
Soil with high soluble salt content in the desert.
26.Grass felt soilFelty soils
The grassland soil surface has a thin layer of felt like soil.
27.moist soilFluvo-aquic soils
Soil formed by long-term cultivation on sediments of modern rivers with high groundwater levels.
28.Cold calcareous soilFrigid calcic soils
In the transition zone from cold grassland to desert, there is a white thin layer of calcium carbonate deposition and a soil with gravel on the surface.
29.Cold desert soilFrigid desert soils
Soil formed under high cold and arid conditions.
30.Frozen soilFrigid froen soils
The soil formed by cold weathering below the snow line in high mountains.
31.Hanyuan Salt SoilFrigid plateau solonchaks
Soil with high soluble salt content formed in the high-altitude plateau.
32.Grey desert soilGray desery soils
Arid soil with loess like parent material developed on the edge of temperate deserts, irregular cracks on the surface, and soil sequences such as porous crust, flaky layer, compacted layer, transition layer, alkalized layer, saline layer, or soluble salt gypsum layer.
33.Grey brown desert soilGray-brown desrt soils
Arid soil in temperate arid deserts, characterized by the development of gravelly alluvial deposits, alluvial deposits or coarse skeletal residual deposits, slope deposits residual deposits, and parent materials. The soil has gravel power on the surface, and has a sequence of soil layers such as porous crust, flaky layer, compact layer, gypsum layer or gypsum salt rock layer.
34.Grey Forest SoilGrey forest soils
Soil developed under forest cover.
35.Grey brown soilGrey-cinnamon soils
Weakly sticky soil with lime accumulation formed under spruce and fir forests on shady slopes in temperate semi-arid mountainous areas.
36.Brick red soilHumid-thermo ferralitic
Under tropical conditions of high temperature, high humidity, and intense leaching, dark red soil with strong acidity and high iron aluminum oxides is formed by the process of iron and aluminum enrichment.
37.Irrigated desert soilIrrigated desert soils
Irrigation with river water with high sediment content gradually leads to soil desertification.
38.Red soilLateritic red earths
Formerly known as' brick red soil red soil '. Under high temperature and high humidity conditions in the subtropical region of South Asia, soil iron and aluminum enrichment occurs in acidic to strongly acidic red soils between red soil and brick red soil.
39.Black soil with ginger-like nodulesLime concretion black soils
In the sedimentary low plains of rivers and lakes, after long-term cultivation and de submergence, there are cultivated layers, sticky black soil layers, iron and manganese patches, nodules, and different forms of calcium nodules, and even soil with sand ginger beds.
40.Lime（Rock)earthLimestone soils
Soil rich in calcium.
41.Stone soilLitho soils
The exposed rock layers directly develop into A-R type soil rich in gravel through the formation of fresh air pollutants.
42.Grassland soilMeadow soils
The groundwater level is high, and the edge of the diving capillary can reach the surface. The grassland vegetation grows densely, and the soil humus layer is thick, with rust spots on the soil.
43.Grassland saline soilMeadow solonchaks
44.Mountain meadow soilMountain meadow soils
The soil formed under the vegetation of shrubs and meadows on the top of mountains above the base line and below the forest line.
45.paddy soilPaddy soils
After long-term submerged farming and rice planting, iron and manganese reduction leaching and oxidation deposition alternate to form a farming layer, plough bottom layer, infiltration layer, pond layer, subsoil or soil with a gley layer.
46.Peat soilPeat soils
In some river and lake sedimentary low plains and mountain valleys, due to long-term waterlogging and dense aquatic vegetation, under hypoxic conditions, a large amount of incompletely decomposed plant residues accumulate and form peat layers in the soil.
47.Phosphate lime soilPhospho-calcic soils
The South China Sea Islands are rich in phosphorus and calcium from the accumulation of coral sand parent material and bird droppings.
48.podzolPodolic soils
Under temperate moist coniferous forests (or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests), plant residues decompose into a large amount of organic acids on glacier sand layers or sand and gravel parent materials. Humic acids combine with iron and aluminum complexes in the soil and leach and deposit downwards, forming ash layers and humus iron aluminum deposition layers in the soil.
49.Purple soilPurplish soils
Purple soil with purple sand and shale development.
50.red clayRed clay soils
Red clayey soil.
51.red earthRed earths
Under high temperature and high humidity conditions in the subtropical region, red soil with moderate to strong acidity and containing certain iron and aluminum oxides formed by moderate iron and aluminum weathering.
52.Shrubby meadow soilShruby meadow soils
The groundwater level is high, and the edge of the diving capillary can reach the surface. The grassland vegetation grows densely, and the soil humus layer is thick, with rust spots on the soil.
53.Grey calcareous soilSieroems
The humus content developed on the loess parent material of warm temperate arid grasslands is low, and there is weak leaching and accumulation of soluble salts and gypsum. The deposition layer of calcium carbonate is high, but the amount is small in the soil.
54.Coarse bone soilSkeletol soils
Thin layer gravelly soil.
55.Alkaline earthSolonets
Soil with high exchangeable sodium content in the soil absorption complex.
56.Cracked soilTakyr
Surface cracks developed on fine-grained parent material in flat depressions between sand dunes in arid areas, and weakly developed arid soils with generally no plant growth.
57.Dry red soilTorrid red soils
A relatively dry neutral red soil formed under high temperature and low humidity conditions in tropical and subtropical regions.
58.Volcanic ash soilVolcanic soils
Soil class names in the United States Soil System Classification and soil group names in the United Nations World Soil Atlas. Soil developed on volcanic ejecta with characteristics of volcanic ash soil.
59.yellow soilYellow earths
Acidic yellow iron aluminum soil with high content of goethite in tropical and subtropical regions, characterized by a constant moist moisture condition.
60.Yellow brown soilYellow-brown earths
The hills and low mountains in the northern subtropical region, as well as the yellow soil belt in the central subtropical mountains, are weakly aluminum rich and have a slightly acidic yellow brown to brown soil.
61.黄褐土Yellow-cinnamon soils
Neutral, sometimes yellow brown soil with a sticky layer on the loess parent material of the northern subtropical clayey sediment.
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