In terms of refrigeration, compressor refrigeration technology is used to adiabatically compress the refrigerant through the compressor, making it a high-temperature and high-pressure gas. It then enters the condenser to release heat, and after being depressurized by the expansion valve, it enters the evaporator to absorb heat and complete gasification, thereby reducing the internal temperature of the water bath. Some devices also introduce semiconductor refrigeration technology, utilizing the Peltier effect to achieve rapid cooling, and have advantages such as small size, no noise, and easy maintenance.

The heating system usually uses an electric heater, such as nickel chromium alloy electric heating wire, which drives air convection through a circulating fan to evenly transfer heat to the inside of the water bath, achieving temperature rise. To improve heating efficiency, some equipment also uses international rectifier (IR) crystal heaters, which have ultra-high heating efficiency.

In terms of temperature control technology, PID control algorithm is commonly used for high and low temperature water bath boxes. By monitoring the deviation between the temperature feedback signal and the set value in real time, the output power of the heating or cooling system is dynamically adjusted to achieve precise temperature control. To further improve temperature control accuracy, some devices also introduce fuzzy PID control algorithm, combined with multi-stage program settings, to achieve accurate tracking of temperature curves.

In addition, to ensure uniform temperature inside the water bath, the equipment is equipped with a circulating air system, which uses centrifugal fans or axial fans to circulate air inside the chamber, reducing temperature stratification and avoiding local hot or cold spots. At the same time, a guide plate or a temperature equalization net is also installed inside the cavity to further optimize the temperature distribution.