Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a liquid-phase separation technology driven by a high-voltage direct current electric field and separated through a capillary tube. Its core principle is based on the difference in migration rate of charged particles in the electric field to achieve efficient separation. In a capillary electrophoresis system, a quartz capillary with an inner diameter of 20-200 μ m is filled with a buffer solution. When a high voltage of 10-30 kV is applied, charged particles migrate under the action of an electric field, and their migration rate is determined by both electrophoretic mobility (related to molecular charge and size) and electroosmotic flow (EOF). Electroosmotic flow originates from the negative charge generated by the dissociation of silicon hydroxyl groups on the inner wall of capillaries, which attracts cations in the buffer solution to form a double layer. Under high pressure, it pushes the liquid to flow towards the cathode as a whole, and its rate is usually one order of magnitude higher than the electrophoretic mobility, becoming the main driving force for separation. Positively charged particles flow out first due to their migration in the same direction as electroosmotic flow, followed by neutral particles, and negatively charged particles flow out last, thus achieving component separation.