The X-ray irradiator accelerates electrons with high voltage, causing them to collide with metal targets such as tungsten and molybdenum, exciting the inner layer electrons of the target atoms to transition and release X-rays. The core physical processes include:

Electron acceleration and target collision: Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated by a high-voltage electric field and collide with the anode target, producing braking radiation (continuous spectrum) and characteristic X-rays (specific energy peaks).

Material interaction: When X-rays interact with biological samples or materials, energy deposition is achieved through photoelectric effect (electron escape), Compton scattering (electron scattering), and electron pair effect (generation of positive and negative electron pairs at high energy), triggering secondary ionization or biological effects (such as DNA damage, cell apoptosis).

Energy control: By adjusting the tube voltage (0.1-300kV range) and tube current to control X-ray energy and dose rate, it can adapt to different thickness samples or experimental requirements. For example, a hard radiation machine uses 100-300kV high voltage to generate highly penetrative radiation, which can penetrate over 100mm steel plates.

2、 Core components

X-ray source system

X-ray tube: a vacuum device consisting of a cathode (electron source), an anode (embedded target material), and a high-voltage acceleration module. The target material is usually tungsten or molybdenum, and X-rays are generated after electron impact.

High voltage generator: Provides stable high voltage (such as 225kV continuously adjustable) to drive electronic acceleration. Adopting a solid-state insulator design, it has a small volume and high insulation performance.

Cooling system: self circulating water cooling or waterless design to ensure long-term operation of X-ray tubes (such as tube lifespan of up to 2000 hours).

Beam control module

Collimator and filter: The collimator focuses or restricts the radiation beam, while the filter absorbs low-energy X-rays to optimize the energy spectrum (such as the standard 0.3mm copper filter membrane).

Adjustable irradiation field: Supports 10cm × 10cm irradiation field size, with irradiation distance (SSD) continuously adjustable from 15cm-100cm, suitable for different sample sizes.

Laser collimation device: Accurately locate the sample to ensure radiation uniformity.

Security protection system

Shielding design: Lead/tungsten shielding cabin, with radiation dose lower than the standard (such as ≤ 60 μ R/h at a distance of 5cm from the machine surface).

Interlocking and alarm system: dual low voltage interlocking (door machine linkage power-off), dose monitoring module (real-time display of accumulated dose), emergency braking system (termination of radiation within 0.3 seconds).

Environmental monitoring: Built in environmental dose monitoring device, which automatically alarms when exceeding the standard.

control system

Touch screen programmable interface: supports parameter adjustment such as dose, time, voltage, etc., and stores commonly used irradiation modes (such as tumor irradiation plan).

Intelligent feedback control: The dual feedback mode ensures dose uniformity (≥ 95%), and the automatic fault diagnosis system can identify 94% of abnormal working conditions.

3、 Performance indicator analysis

Dose performance

Dose rate range: 0.01-40Gy/min, supporting experimental requirements for low dose (such as 0.1Gy/min) and high dose (such as 16Gy/min).

Uniformity: The dose distribution uniformity is ≥ 95%, and some devices achieve an accuracy of ± 2.5% (such as RAD)+ ™ Reflector design).

Stability: Voltage output accuracy<± 1%, repeatability accuracy ± 0.01%, ensuring experimental repeatability.

Energy and Penetration

Tube voltage range: adjustable from 0.1-300kV, hard beam machine (100-300kV) is suitable for high-density material detection.

Penetration ability: capable of penetrating steel plates exceeding 100mm, meeting the needs of industrial scenarios.

Safety and Compliance

Shielding effectiveness: Exceeding the CDRH standard in the United States by 16 times, the thickness of the lead protective layer meets the requirements of CFR21020.40.

Certification exemption: Some devices do not require NRC certification and can be installed and used in regular laboratories.

Convenience of operation

Modular design: including caster mobile components, detachable power cord, supporting daily deployment.

Plug and play: Configure three sets of replaceable filter cages to adapt to different experimental scenarios.

Application scalability

Multidisciplinary support: covering more than 20 experimental directions such as cancer biology, stem cell research, and DNA damage analysis.

Imaging function: Some devices integrate X-ray imaging, supporting multimodal research such as bioluminescence and fluorescence.