Standard operating instructions for photochemical reactors for reference. Please make sure to operate in accordance with the specific instrument model manual and use it under the guidance of a professional:
1、 Safety preparation
1. Personal protection
Wear UV protective goggles, lab coats, and chemical resistant gloves (to prevent photosensitizers from coming into contact with the skin).
Ensure good ventilation (some reactions may produce harmful gases).
2. Environmental inspection
Confirm that the instrument power supply is stable and well grounded.
Clean up flammable and explosive materials around the reactor.

2、 Instrument assembly and setup
1. Light source selection
Install mercury lamps (such as 254nm/365nm), xenon lamps (full spectrum), or LED light sources according to the reaction wavelength requirements.
Attention: The high-pressure mercury lamp needs to be preheated for 5 to 10 minutes, then cooled down for 15 minutes before restarting.
2. Reactor installation
Quartz reaction tubes (UV reaction) or glass reaction bottles (visible light reaction) need to be cleaned and dried.
Fix the reactor to the center position of the light source, ensuring that the light path is unobstructed.
3. Cooling system
Connect the circulating water bath (temperature usually controlled at 25 ± 5 ℃) to prevent overheating.

3、 Experimental operation steps
1. Sample addition
Add the reactant solution (volume not exceeding 2/3 of the reactor capacity).
If an inert atmosphere is required, first introduce nitrogen/argon gas for 10 minutes to remove oxygen.
2. Parameter settings
Adjust the power of the light source (e.g. recommended 50% and 80% output for a 300W xenon lamp).
Set the magnetic stirring speed (usually 200 500 rpm) to ensure uniform mixing.
3. Initiate the reaction
Turn on the light source and start timing at the same time.
Real time monitoring of temperature and pressure (if there is a closed system).

4、 Reaction monitoring and termination
1. Sampling analysis
Take samples at regular intervals (e.g. every 30 minutes) and detect the reaction progress using HPLC/GC or UV spectrophotometer.
2. Terminate the reaction
Turn off the light source and disconnect the power supply.
If quenching the reaction is required, add a terminating agent (such as Na ₂ S ₂ O ∝ solution).

5、 Cleaning and maintenance
1. Reactor cleaning
Clean the quartz tube with solvents (such as acetone, ethanol) to avoid residual photocatalysts (such as TiO ₂).
2. Light source maintenance
Regularly wipe the lampshade with an alcohol swab to prevent dust from affecting the light intensity.
Record the duration of use of the lamp source (the lifespan of the high-pressure mercury lamp is approximately 1000 hours).

6、 Common problem handling
The light source is not on: check the fuse and power connection; Confirm if the cooling system is functioning properly.
Low reaction efficiency: Verify wavelength matching or check light intensity attenuation (requiring calibration of the optical power meter).
Leakage: Immediately stop the reaction, ventilate and handle.

Precautions
✦ It is strictly prohibited to look directly at light sources, especially ultraviolet light, which can cause corneal damage.
Photosensitive substances (such as benzophenone) should be stored away from light.
Different solvents have significant differences in transparency (such as acetonitrile being suitable for UV, DMF requiring caution).